However, the rice production could not keep up with the growing population and diminishing water resources ( Dianga et al., 2020). Rice yield per hectare increased from 5.7 t ha –1 in the 1980s to 9.52 t ha –1 in the 2000s as a result of the widespread adoption of semi-dwarf and early maturing Egyptian cultivars. In the past three decades, rice sector in Egypt has outperformed that in the rest of the world in terms of rice production and yield ( Sari et al., 2020 Gaballah et al., 2022). Water stress is a critical limiting factor during the early stages of rice development and establishment, which affects both stem elongation and leaf area expansion during growth. In contrast, scarcity of irrigation water is a major stumbling block to improve rice production worldwide ( El-Mowafi et al., 2021 Abd El-Aty et al., 2022b). Rice consumption continues to increase with the increase in global population ( Kumar, 2018 Gaballah et al., 2022). However, in the past decade, only a 1% annual increase in rice yield was reported, and this average was the highest among rice-producing countries. Therefore, there would be an increase in global rice demand from 763 million tons to 850 million tons. The global population is estimated to increase from 7.7 billion today to 9 billion in 2035. Rice is widely grown in many parts of the world, including Egypt ( Ullah Zaid et al., 2018 El-Mowafi et al., 2021 Abd El-Aty et al., 2022a). It has a low fat content and high carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, and mineral content. Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a well-known crop that is consumed by most of the world’s population. Therefore, we recommend that these vital indirect selection criteria to be considered for improving rice grain yield under drought conditions. Under normal and water stress conditions, the Giza179 × Sakha107 cross demonstrated substantial and desirable specific combining ability effects on all the examined traits, which suggested that it could be considered for use in rice hybrid breeding programs. Furthermore, in both normal and water stress conditions, Giza179 exhibited the highest general combining ability effects for all attributes that were evaluated. Giza179 and Sakha108 were the best general combiners for grain yield per plant and one or more of its characteristics. Under both conditions, Sakha107 was the best general combiner for earliness and short stature. The results showed remarkable differences across the studied genotypes under normal and water stress conditions. In 2019, these parents and their 28 F 1 crosses were produced by employing a three-replication randomized complete block design under normal and water stress conditions. Eight rice genotypes (Giza178, Giza179, Sakha106, Sakha107, Sakha108, WAB1573, NERICA4, and IET1444) were crossed in a half-diallel cross in the rice-growing season in 2018, which yielded a wide range of variability in numerous agronomic traits and drought tolerance measurements. Field experiments were conducted at the Rice Research and Training Center, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt, during the rice-growing season in 20. This study aimed to determine the effects of drought stress on the estimates of heterosis and the combining ability of rice genotypes for the number of days to 50% heading, plant height, number of panicles per plant, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, and grain yield per plant. 7Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australiaĭrought is considered a major threat to rice production.6Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.5Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.4Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.3Department of Plant Production, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City, Alexandria, Egypt.2Rice Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
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